Katholikos comes from two Greek words: kata or kath (meaning “through” or “throughout”) and holos (meaning “whole”). This notion of “throughout-the-whole” carries no notion of boundary or lines drawn that demarcate those who are “in” and those who are “out.”
This is distinct from another Greek Word “universalis”, which comes from the two root-words unum (meaning “one”) and vertere (meaning “turn”). The image it evokes is something like an architect’s compass, which is used to make a circle around “one” central point. Universal does bear a certain sense of inclusivity, for it gathers everything and everyone that is within the boundary of that line drawn around the circle. Yet, by virtue of the boundary or circle, it necessarily implies exclusion for whatever and whoever falls outside of the “universal” line.
Ong suggests, is that the life, ministry and preaching of Jesus of Nazareth also supports this notion of katholikos — “Catholic” — rather than a more exclusive notion of the church as “universal.” He points to Jesus’s very short parable of “the yeast” found in Matthew 13:33 (and Luke 13:21), in which Jesus likens the Kingdom or Reign of God to a woman who makes bread.
The Kingdom of God is said to be like the yeast that is added to flour and is found “throughout-the-whole” of the dough, building it up, not destroying or separating the flour, but becoming one-with, part-of, and mutually benefiting from and contributing to the life of bread.
Ong is quick to point out how non-colonial yeast is. In its own organic way, it inculturates and accepts the ingredients in which it finds itself. One can even take starter dough from one type of bread and add it to an entirely different type of flour and the yeast appropriates the form of its surrounding, and does not turn the new ingredients into a replica of itself.
Yeast, in its true catholicity and insofar as yeast can in its own way, does not seek conformity in this regard, but works with and celebrates the diversity of flour and ingredients it encounters.
It doesn’t take much imagination to see how these two conceptualizations of “catholic” can inform and shape our understanding of what it means to be a Christian in the world.
The “universal” approach, one that draws lines and is inclusive only of those within a certain proximity to the “one point” around which the boundary is marked, is represented by those who are constantly concerned about who is in and who is out. Those who talk about the church as leaner, smaller, more “orthodox” are more likely to see boundaries between “the church” and “the world” as a good thing.
On the other hand, the “catholic” approach, one that recognizes the call for the enacting of the Reign of God “throughout-the-whole” of the world, sees the church as inclusive because it is to be found without separation from, but instead exists as part of the world and society. Those who talk about the church as in the world and not apart from it, follow in the pathway of the Second Vatican Council’s document Gaudium et Spes, “The Pastoral Constitution of the Church in the World.”
As we begin celebrating the 50th Anniversary of the Second Vatican Council, this need to remember what the relationship of the church to the world is becomes especially important. There remains too much discriminatory and exclusive talk about the church in this “universal” key. Some church leaders have made it quite clear that they see “the world” (as if it were something apart from the church and the People of God that constitute the church) as a threat to Christianity. The implication is that we must re-inscribe the boundaries, literally encircle ourselves around a singular point, and exclude those who do not happen to fall, as it were, “in line.” In an odd linguistic turn, perhaps what’s needed more than ever is for Christians of all sorts, but especially Roman Catholics, to become more catholic.
We need to see ourselves and understand our Church (which is the Body of Christ) as living and moving “throughout-the-whole,” as mutually building each other up (1 Thessalonians 5:11), and as welcoming all with open arms as Jesus did.
Follow Daniel P. Horan, OFM on Twitter: www.twitter.com/DanHoranOFM
Delio breathes new life into term ‘catholic’
MAKING ALL THINGS NEW: CATHOLICITY, COSMOLOGY, CONSCIOUSNESS
By Ilia Delio
Published by Orbis Books, $25
In the introduction to her 2011 book, The Emergent Christ, Franciscan Sr. Ilia Delio enthusiastically tells her readers that she has discovered “a fresh, new meaning” for the word catholic. She found it in the book Where Is Knowing Going?, in which the author, Jesuit Fr. John Haughey, explained that term catholic comes from the Greek katholikos.
Kata, a preposition meaning “through,” and holou, a noun meaning “the whole,” when coupled become kath’ holou, an adverb meaning wholly. “Katholikos, a substantive that is best rendered ‘catholicity’ in English, … connotes movement towards universality or wholeness,” Haughey wrote.
The parsing of katholikos planted a seed in Delio’s consciousness. “Haughey’s insights into catholic liberate this word from layers of history that have enclosed it in a sealed-tight container, opening it up to its truest meaning as the very inner dynamic of an evolutionary universe,” she wrote in The Emergent Christ.
Catholicity continued to germinate in Delio’s subsequent book, The Unbearable Wholeness of Being (2013). And now in her latest work, Making All Things New: Catholicity, Cosmology, Consciousness, the word bears its first fruits.
“The early Greeks coined the word catholic to describe attunement to the physical order. … To live in catholicity was to have a sense of the cosmos or the whole order of things,” Delio explains in the introduction.
The early Christians adopted the word catholic to describe the church because, for them, Jesus was a “whole-maker,” whose love, mercy and compassion healed a fragmented humanity. Jesus signified a new creation, and for the early church “to have a sense of the whole was to have a consciousness of Christ and to gather into community as one in Christ.”
Unfortunately, as the church became an intellectual and cultural force with the rise of Constantine, the meaning of catholicity was detached from wholeness, and the cosmos and was conflated with orthodoxy, the pope and the institutional church.
Delio spends the first section of the book charting the decline of catholicity throughout Christian history. The downward spiral began in the fourth century with the development of the Nicene Creed — a confessional prayer that was intended to “consolidate the Christian faith in the empire” — when the Greek katholikos was translated into Latin as universalis, which means “to turn as one.”
Though the Council of Nicea quelled the raging battle over the nature of Jesus’ divinity, the result was that Christians forgot how to “see God amid the stars” and instead focused on defending doctrine.
“Catholicity was no longer a function of cosmology but orthodoxy,” Delio writes.
Though the theology of Bonaventure and Thomas Aquinas reintegrated the cosmos, God and the human person, the subsequent rise of Scholasticism in the 12th century subjected God and the cosmos to logic and analytical reasoning. Theology became dominated by left-brain thinking.
Scientific study only exacerbated the problem. When Copernicus proved, in the 16th century, that the Earth revolved around the sun, the resulting heliocentrism relegated “the human person to the margins of a spinning planet.” Humans were disconnected from cosmos, and God no longer gave creation its meaning and purpose.
By the late 19th century, catholicity devolved into a set of rules and instructions. “Like Newton’s world, the Church was governed by law and order; a mechanistic church in a mechanistic world,” Delio writes. The systematization of grace and personal salvation left “the natural world bereft of any sacred meaning other than its usefulness in serving humanity.”
“We have become the most unnatural of species, disconnected from nature and from one another,” Delio writes. This artificial separation between human beings and the cosmos may be the greatest contributor to the ecological degradation that now threatens our very existence.
Followers of Delio’s work will not be surprised to discover that she reaches out to the Teilhard de Chardin for hope. “By bringing together evolution and Christianity in a single vision, Teilhard restored catholicity to its original meaning: consciousness of belonging to a whole and making new wholes by thinking and acting toward wholeness.”
But religion has a long way to go before it becomes a place where catholicity can thrive, Delio says. Though most world religions are united in their concern for justice, peace, care for the poor, and stewardship of the Earth, they still remain deeply divided on theological and moral issues. None of them has integrated the cosmos and evolution into their religious code.
“World religions are basically united on the level of human welfare, but divided on human destiny,” she writes.
Delio offers up both Pope Francis and the U.S. Leadership Conference of Women Religious as models of catholicity in our times, but argues that the institutional church to which they are attached will need to transform into an “open system” in order to recover its own catholicity.
Using insights from systems theory, she suggests that the church currently operates as a “closed system” because it does not allow its external environment to affect the way it functions. Instead, it “runs according to law and order.”
Delio envisions an “open-systems church” that would be grounded in openness to God and the newness of life, and willing to accept itself as an organic body that is part of an evolutionary process. Its leaders should act as “designers, stewards, and teachers,” rather than monarchs who rule over a powerless people.
“In a self-organizing world of open systems, all change is local,” Delio writes. “Universal change is virtually impossible.” This, she argues, is the key reason why Vatican II struggled to implement universal changes. An open-systems church would have to be open to allowing change on the local level.
The church, obviously, is not there yet, and Delio sees catholicity and whole-making bursting with far more life in the world outside of religious institutions. She reflects on the crowds she witnessed at a recent jazz festival and at a Nationals baseball game. “I had an experience of what a ‘christified’ world might look like, a world of many different persons, nationalities, cultures, and religions, sharing the earth, joining together in the rhythm of life.”
What makes Delio unique among contemporary Catholic spiritual writers is her interest in futuristic technology and her willingness to contemplate its impact on the evolution of human consciousness. She devotes significant reflection to the predictions of “transhumanists,” those who “look to a postbiological future where superinformational beings will flourish and biological limits such as disease, aging, and death will be overcome.”
Though she warns that our increasing dependence on machines threatens to depersonalize and isolate us, she holds out hope that we can harness technology for a transcendent and unified goal. “We are created for wholeness, and thus we are created for community. Technology can enhance or deepen life, but it depends on how we use it,” she writes.
Those who are new to Delio’s work should feel comfortable starting with this book since, throughout its pages, she summarizes many of the fundamental lessons and ideas of her earlier work. Making All Things builds upon many of Delio’s previous insights, but its greatest contribution is the new life that she breathes into the word catholic.
Her book may not help progressive Catholics reclaim their church, but it will greatly aid them in making sense of their ties to the Catholic tradition and in finding new reasons to claim their Catholic identity. It will also deepen the possibilities of those, especially among the millennial generation, who seek to realize the ideals of religion — whole-making, community-building and spiritual practice — outside of the institutional church.
Jamie L. Manson is a columnist and books editor at NCR. Her email address is jman son@ncronline.org. This story appeared in the Oct 9-22, 2015 print issue under the headline: Delio breathes new life into term catholic
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